ABSTRACT
The global scenario is now supporting the development of modern drugs from less toxic plant products with proven medicinal properties. Each part of the (neem plant) Azadirachta indica A. Juss reportedly has various medicinal properties and has been in use in many continents for centuries. In this project work, digestion from Azdirachta indica A. juss (neem leaves) with the modern atomic absorption spectrophotometer was presented. The mineral and chemical properties in the water digest was studied.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
TRACE HEAVY METALS
Trace metals may be defined as metals occurring at 1000g/g or less and may be classified as heavy or light with respect to density. Trace heavy metals have densities greater than 5g/cm3 (Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, and V), whereas light trace metals are less than 5g/cm3 e.g Na, Ca and Mg. e.t.c (Osuji et al., 2004)
Trace metals in the environment are the result of natural geochemical processes as well as numerous anthropagenic sources. The natural geochemical processes include weathering of rocks, evaporation of the oceans, forest fires and soil processes while the anthropogenic sources include mining and sivelting of metals, agricultural materials, food preservatives, waste disposal and chemical industry (Srinivas et al., 2009)
Trace metal pollution and the resulting health, effects present some of the biggest challenges currently affecting the world industrial and other anthropogenic activities result in pollution through gas flames, constant oil spilts, leaching from land fills. e.t.c affect both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem (Omofonmwan et al., 2009).
Trace metals are metals needed by living organisms to function properly and are depleted through the expenditure of energy by various metabolic processes of living organisms. They are replenished in animals through diet as well as environmental exposure and in plants through the uptake of nutrients from the soil in which the plant grows. Human vitamin pills and plant fertilizers can be sources of trace metals (Rodwell, 2009).
Vegetable ingest metals by absorbing them from contaminated soils as well from deposits on different parts of the vegetable exposed to the metal from polluted environments. Many heavy metals act as biological poisons even at parts per billion (ppb) levels.
Trace heavy metals are associated with myriad adverse health effects, including avergic reaction, nephrotoxicity and cancer. Humans are often exposed to heavy metals in various ways mainly through the inhalation of metals in the work place or polluted neighbourhood, or through the ingestion of food that contains high levels of heavy metals or paint chips that contain lead (Ifon, 1977).
Divrikli et al., 2006 inferred that the concentration of essential elements in plants is conditional, it is effected by the characteristics of the soil and the ability of plants to selectively accumulate some metals. Sources of heavy metals for plants include rainfall in atmospheric polluted areas, heavy traffic as a result of high discharge of exhaust effluents indiscriminate disposal of oil or fossil fuels by road side mechanics and fertilizers which could be absorbed though leaf blades (Kovacheva et al., 2000, Lozak et al., 2002, Sobukola et al., 2006).
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
Aim
The aim of this study is to determine some trace metals present in neem leaves using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis.
Objectives
To collect neem leaves samples from two sampling points Barnawa and Tudunwada.
To digest the neem leaves using concentrated nitric acid
To determine the concentration of lead(Pb) and Zinc(Zn) in the leaf samples using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
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