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CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
STUDENT INDUSTRIA WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skill training program which form part of the approved minimum academic standard in the various degree and diploma programs for all tertiary institution, is an effort to bridge the gap existing between theory and practice of the professional educational program in the Nigeria tertiary institutions. It is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in the industries and other organization.
OBJECTIVE OF SIWES
1. To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian tertiary institution to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study.
2. Prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduating.
3. To expos students to work methods and technique in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in the university.
4. Make a transition from the institution to the world of work easier, and enhance student contact for later job placement.
5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real world situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and practice.
6. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of preparing university graduate for the employment industry.
POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA (PHCN)
The power holding company of Nigeria (PHCN) is the sole company charged with the task of generation, transmission and distribution of electric power in Nigeria.
DEFINATION OF TERMS:
ELECTTRIC POWER: Electric power is define as the rate of which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt (W).
GENERATION: power generation is the production of power from it source (generating station) it can be generated in several ways, for instance, in the thermal station, organic fuel is burnt and the resultant heat energy generated is used to super heat water into steam. The steam in turn drives an alternator whose end product is electric power. Also, the potential energy of the body of a turbine which is already coupled to the armature of an alternator (a.c generator). The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is converted into electricity.
TRANSMISSION: Power transmission is the conveyance of power the central station where it is generated to the bus bars of the transmission station. It is divided into primary and secondary transmission.
Primary transmission is the conveyance high voltage power from the step up transformer at the generating station to a step down transformer at the receiving station.
Secondary transmission is the conveyance of low voltage power from the step down transformer at the receiving station to the injection sub-station located at the various points in the city.
DISTRIBUTION: Distribution of power is the conveyance of power from the sub-station where transmission is terminated to the consumer unit where it is been consumed, it is further divided into primary and secondary distribution.
Primary distribution is the conveyance of low-voltage from the sub-station of the transmitted low voltage to the distribution step down transformer.
Secondary distribution is the conveyance of low voltage to the consumer unit which is further reduced by a neutral phase of the service (recline) cable.
Generally, the generation station are sited where the specific raw material for the generation of power is abundant, which however have to do with the type of power generation method to be used for instance, the river Kaduna runs through the Shiroro gorge where a large body of water is dammed or collected into a lake, the natural provision of the sizable head of gradient completes the requirements of situation of a hydro power station there.
Large scale generation of electric power usually 3-phase at generated voltages between 11kv and 33kv transmission is generally accomplished at higher voltages of 110, 132, 275, 400, and 750kv for which purpose 3-phase transformers are necessary to step up the load centers, the transmission voltages of 66,000, 33,000 and 11,000 volts. Further at consumers premises, the distribution voltage is 415 or 230 volts.
POWER TRANSMISSION
Power transmission is the transportation of power from the generating point to the utility points. Amongst generation, transmission and distribution, transmission is more intriguing as it involves higher levels of advance form of control.
Transmission of electric power may be done in two ways:
- Over –head system
- Underground system.
In overhead system, power is conveyed by bare conductor of copper or aluminum which are strung between line support erected at convenience distance along the route. The bare copper or aluminum wire is fixed to an insulator which is itself fixed to a gantry or cross-arm of a line support. The number of cross-arm carried by a line support depends on the number of wire it has to carry.
Line support comprises:
- Pole structures
Poles which are made of wood reinforce concrete or steel are used up to 33kv while steel tower are used for higher voltages.
The underground system employs laying of insulated cables (which may be single, double or triple core etc.) underneath the earth surface.
A good transmission system, be it overhead or underground, should fulfill the following requirement:
1. The voltage at the consumer premises must be maintained within ± 6% of the declared voltage, the actual value depending on the kind of load.
2. The loss of power in the system itself should be a small percentage ( about 10%) of the power transmitted
3. The transmission cost should be moderate.
4. The maximum current passing through the conductor should be limited to such a value as not to overheat the conductor or injure its insulation.
5. The insulation resistance of the whole system should be very high so that there is no leakage or danger of human life.
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