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ABSTRACT
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The study is an overview of the challenges of insurgency in Bauchi State with specific reference to Bauchi Local Government Area from 2011-2015. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study administered 150 questionnaires out of which 120 were dully completed and returned. Using psychological and population-centric counterinsurgency theory, the study discovered that factors responsible for the rise of insurgency in Bauchi Local Government Area include among others, illiteracy, poverty, radicalization/indoctrination and poor governmental policy.
The study further discovered that the killing and the retention of the Boko Haram sect members contributed towards the escalation of the crises. Responses from the questionnaires analysed reviews that one of the best waysto control insurgency in Bauchi Local Government include the radicalization, reduction in the area of discontent, good governmental policy and immediate response to tackle the problems faced by internally displaced persons.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country and has long been bedevil by inter communal, interreligious, political and indeed criminal violence. Postcolonial Nigeria has no doubt witnessed and is still witnessing several forms of insurgencies in both the Northern and the Southern divides of the country, most of which have been very bloody and catastrophic.
However, in recent times, the situation has gone from bad to worst. Since the return to civil rule in 1999, Nigeria has been battling with series of violent agitations from various geo-political zones within the country. These violent agitations which have taken terror dimensions have contributed to a national security threats that is capable of disintegrating the country.
Insurgent Terrorists’ attacks have resulted in the killings of hundreds of people and wanton destruction of property worth billions of naira through bombings (Abimbola and Adesote 2012). This view was also shared by Minister of Police Affairs, retired Navy Capt.
Caleb Olubolade, when he acknowledged that the nation now faced new security threats that were quite different from what we used to know. “I will rather say that we are facing new threats different from what we used to face before. But as these threats confront us, we will find solutions to them; it is now a period to look forward and overcome the challenges that face us (NAN, 2011).
One of the devastating insurgency currently ravaging peaceful and harmonious living of the country is the Boko Haram insurgency. The Boko Haram sect came to limelight in 2009 after the arrest and subsequent killing of its leader, late Muhammed Yusuf. From 2009 until date, they have successfully launched attacks that have claimed lots of lives and properties.
Violence linked to the Boko Haram insurgency has resulted in an estimated 10,000 deaths between 2001 and 2013 and roughly 3,600 killed, including 1,600 civilians between 2009 and 2013 (Newsday, 2013; Allen Jr. 2013; Campbell, 2013). The kind of violence and tactics being employed by this vicious group is unknown and unheard of in Nigeria before. Such tactics include the use of an improvised explosive device (1EDS), vehicles borne improvised explosive (VBIE), suicide bombers, etc (Newsday, 2013; Allen Jr. 2013; Campbell, 2013).
This phenomenon, which started in the northern-eastern part of the country, Borno, Yobe, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba and Adamawa have since extended to north-west and middle -belt of the country, including Abuja.
The main thrust of this study is to discover the root cause of insurgency in Bauchi state. The study will make an attempt to demonstrate the negative impact of boko haram insurgency in Bauchi state and the strategy adopted by the government to control the crisis.
Armed insurgency in the Northwest is increasing daily. Insurgents’ seeking a political environment having been attacking Nigeria’s officials and security forces, whose main response has been a tough focus on eradicating the insurgency with a massive security presence. While this policy has had successes, hundreds of insurgents, security forces and civilians have died over the past three and half years (2009-2013).
In January 2012, insurgents in a largenumber conducted a coordinate and simultaneous attacks of several targets in Kano city using suicide bombers and Improvised Explosives Devices (IEDs) as a result 186 people died at the city (Global Post, 2013).
On 8 April, 2012, Easter’s day, insurgent attacked a church in Kaduna using suicide bombers killing 41 people and onl7 June, 2012; three churches were attacked, in like manner, in the same city were 19 worshippers were killed (Global Post, 2013). Equally, Sokoto City was attacked by insurgents on 30 June 2012. In fact, there were almost daily attacks in the Northwest geo-political zone and some part of the Northern States (Global Post, 2013).
Therefore, the notion of a “war” on terrorists or countering insurgency has somewhat been over-exploited thus reducing civil liberties as well as infringing upon fundamental human rights issues. So far, besides use of force, not much of other incentives have been used to redress the social, economic and political injustice that bred the insurgency. The need for an effective and efficient counter insurgency strategy, for the country and the northwest, in particular, therefore, becomes necessary.
Statement of the Research Problem
The limitations of conventional strategy in achieving sustainable peace since the emergence of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria have remained a topical issue in the country. Serial killings with concomitant effects on social, political and economic development have continued unabated, the problem is exacerbated by the political motive of the group of installing an Islamic system of Government against the Secular practice in the Country.
The apparent failure of the use of the Military coercive power and its inherent abuses further reinforces the concern. Global post (2013) stated that since the Boko-Haram uprising, Nigerian government still does not have an effective strategy for dismantling the group as they rely more on the use of mainly militaristic means which have so far not yielded any dividend for peace and security.
It has been noted that the book haram insurgency in Bauchi State, in particular and Nigeria in general is assuming an alarming proportion. To make the matter worse, it appears the approach of the Government in tackling the problem, which is primarily centered on use of force against the insurgents, has onlycompounded the problem.
So far, not much of other incentives have been used to redress the social, economic and political injustice that bred the insurgency. The use of force and its collateral damage invariably led to abuse of human rights and disregard for rule of law by the security forces. Sometimes, it results to extra-judicial killings, arrests of innocent people, long detention of aspects and pro-long prosecution, which ultimately serves to distance the people from the government and move them toward the insurgent cause.
The direction for this study is to evaluate the causes, effects and problems associated with the counter-insurgency strategy in Northwest Nigeria, with specific emphasis on Bauchi state especially as to how to make it more efficient and effective and how to make it impact more positively on the issue of human rights and rule of law and make recommendations.
Research Questions
Research work of this nature requires that some fundamental questions should be raised as a guiding principle towards understanding the major cause of insurgency activities not only in Bauchi state, but Nigeria atlarge. To this effect, the study intends to address some of the following questions:
1. What are the factors responsible for the rise of insurgency in the Northwest Nigeria and Bauchi LGA?
2. What is the nature of insurgency in Bauchi LGA?
3. What are the forms of counter-insurgency strategy adopted by the government in Bauchi LGA?
4. What are the challenges of counter-insurgency measures in the Bauchi LGA?
5. What recommendations can be proffered to ameliorate or reduce the problems of insurgency in the Bauchi LGA?
The Objectives of the Study are:
To identify the factors responsible for the rise of insurgency in Bauchi LGA,
To identify the nature of insurgency in Bauchi state.
To identify the forms of counter-insurgency strategy adopted by the government in Bauchi LGA.
To identify the challenges of counter-insurgency measures in Bauchi LGA.
To proffer appropriate recommendations that can ameliorate or reduce the problems of insurgency in Bauchi LGA.
Research Propositions
The propositions of the study are as follows:
Poverty is one of the factors responsible for the rise of insecurity in Nigeria adequacy of support by both Federal and State governments.
Also, bad governance and illiteracy could be seen as significant attributes for the rise and escalation of insurgency in Bauchi LGA and Nigeria as a whole.
The efficiency of the conventional (military attack) strategy in combating insurgency in Nigeria is determined by the adequacy of support by both Federal and State governments.
Hardware option adopted by the Federal Government in fighting against Boko Haram is responsible for the multiplication of the number and population of the insurgents with a view to take revenge over the killings of their leader and brothers.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study would make effort to critically analyse insurgency activities in Bauchi Local Government of Bauchi State (2011 to 2015) when most of the violent crises took a new dimension in Nigeria. The study is equally narrowed on the nature, scope and dynamics of insurgency in the Bauchi state with emphasis on identifying an effective and sustainable counter insurgency strategy capable of handling the crises.
Major limitations that the study would face include difficulty in accessing some security documents from security agencies due to their sensitivity; inability of the researcher to have real andfirst-hand interviews with current or even former members of Boko Haram.
This is because Boko Haram is still an on-going phenomena. Another basic limitation rests on the collection and availability of data, especially with regards to Boko Haram attacks. While some of the Boko Haram web sites are locked others have some earlier information removed. There was also the grave limitation posed by inaccuracy by different sources (news outfits) with regards to an attack or the number of dead or injured on both civilian and security personnel.
This shortcoming would be reduced by comparing at least, two reported sources on an issue. The inability of some respondents to respond to the interview and unstructured questionnaire on time would also serve as another limitation to the study.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Insurgency
Insurgency is defined as a struggle for control over a contested political space, between a state (or group of states or occupying powers), and one or more popularly based, non-state challengers. Insurgencies are popular uprisings that grow from, and are conducted through pre-existing social networks (village, tribe, family, and neighborhood, political or religious party) and exist in a complex social, informational and physical environment (McCormick, 2006).
Counter Insurgency
Counterinsurgency is defined as those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. It is an offensive approach involving all elements of national power; it can take place across the range of operations and spectrum of conflict (Galula, 1964: 42).
1.8 Organisation of Chapters
Chapter one deals with the general introduction. In this section, the researcher introduces the topic under study by stating and providing a brief explanation of the topic. Statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, propositions are also important components of the chapter.
It also includes scope and limitations of the study and concludes with definitions of key terms.
The rest of the study is divided into four chapters: Chapter two reviewed relevant literature, established the gap and discussed the theoretical framework of analysis.
Chapter three focused on the research methodology and history of the study area, while chapter four dealt with analysis and presentation of data. Chapter five provided conclusion, recommendations and implementation strategies.
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