Mineral Composition Analysis Of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum Calbidium)

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ABSTRACT:Chrysophyllum albidum, a wildly grown plant in the Southwestern part of Nigeria belongs to the family of trees known as Sapotaceae. It is commonly known as “Agbalumo” or “Osan”(Yoruba) or “Udala”(Igbo) in the local language it is fruit which is pale yellow with pink coloured endocarp is relished by both children and adults when in season.

African star apple fruit is an edible fruit. Its seed was analyzed to determine the mineral elements in accordance with Association of Analytical Chemists (AODAC, 1990). The results revealed that the seed contains a greater amount of calcium and magnesium and it also contains other elements like Zinc, Sodium and Iron.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  Introduction

1.1  Literature Review African Star Apple

1.2  Evaluation of proximate composition of star Apple peel, pulp and seed

1.3  Mineral Element composition of peel, pulp and seed

1.4  Nutrient composition and micronutrient potential of Three widely grown varieties of Star Apple

1.5  Nutritional benefits of African Star Apple

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Materials and Methods

2.1  Estimation of mineral elements

2.2  Digestion of Flame Atomic Absorption and High Level concentrations

2.3  Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Results

3.1  Results from Flame Photometry

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Discussion

4.1  Conclusion

4.2  Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Some centuries ago, African Locals picked the “wonder fruit” on the way to the farm, ate it as snack and the seedlings become plaything for children. Now, current generation find it in the marketplace or shelves of grocery store, eat one and want more. Researchers are currently unraveling why the unique fruit has survived several generations of West African region, yet preserved in huge nutritional value.

This is the story of African star apple or local cherry. According to findings, it underscores significant health benefit than current findings would exhaust. The fruits are sub-spherical in shape, about 3cm in diameter, usually 5-celled and contain an edible sweet fruit pulp. The skin or peel, is orange to golden yellow when ripe and the pulp within the peel may be orange, pinkish or light yellow and with in the pulp are at least five seeds, which are not usually eaten.

1.1  LITERATURE REVIEW OF AFRICAN STAR APPLE

African star apple botanically called “chrysophyllum albidum” a widely grown plant in the Southwestern part of Nigeria which belongs to the phylum “Magnoliophyta”, class “Magnliopsida or dicots”, the order “Ebaneles” the family sapotaceae”, the genus “Chrysophyllum”, and the species or latin name been “Chrysophyllum canito”. It is commonly known as “Agbalumo” or “Osan” (Yoruba) or “Udala” (Igbo) in the local languages.

Chrysophyllum albidum is a lowland rainforest tree species which can reach 25 to 37m ion height at height at maturity with a firth varying from 1.5 to 2m. it has been observed that the tree of C. Albidum has an efficient recycling ability been an evergreen tree that rarely sheds all its leaves in any one season except when it is dead or under stress. It fully riped fruit becomes available from January through March in the Southwestern part of Nigeria. The fleshy pulp is eaten especially as snack and it has been found to have a high content of ascorbic acid and is also reported as an excellent source of vitamins, irons, flavors to diet.

The pink coloured pulp and the whitish cover of the brown coloured seed of the fruit are consumed while the empty pale yellow pericarp is discarded. It was noted that the fleshy and juicy fruits, which are popularly eaten, are the potential source of a soft drink. The fruits are also suitable for the production of fruit jams and jellies. The fruit is said to contain a hundred times more vitamin C than oranges, and ten times that of guava.

It was reported that the fruit pulp of chrysophyllum albidum contains 21.9mg/100gm ascorbic acid and the skin contains 75mg/100gm, 446mg and 239mg/100g for pulp and skin respectively. These different reports suggested that there are maybe different an ingredients of soft drinks and can be fermented for wine and other alcohol production. The seeds are used for local games by children. The fruits contain 90% anaedic acid, which is used industrially in protecting wood and as a source of resin. The high rate of mineralization of C. Albidum leaves also improves the quality of the top soil. The ripe fruit is highly perishable and deteriorates within 5 days of harvest.

1.2  EVALUATION OF  PROXIMATE COMPOSITIONS IN STAR APPLE PEEL, PULP AND SEED

Proximate composition of African Star apple peel, pulp and seed were derived respectively by determining the moisture content, ash content, crude protein and crude fat in accordance with Association Analytical chemist (AOAC,1990) while crude fibre was determined using (AOAC, 1995). The carbohydrate content was determined by the difference obtained after subtracting the values in percentage of crude protein, lipid ash fibre from the local dry matter.

The pulp contains greater amount of crude fibre, fat ash and caloric value, greater amount of moisture was found in the peels while carbohydrate content and crude protein in were higher in seeds. Moisture contents is one of the most important and most widely used parameter in food processing, hence star apple seed can easily be processed and preserved easily since it contains less moisture. Pulp contains highest amount of fat then peel and seed. Fat provide an excellent source of energy, enhance transport of fat soluble vitamins, insulate and protect internal tissues and contributed to rural process in the cell.

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