Effect Of Geometric Properties (Shape) On The Strength Of Interlocking Paving Stone

Download complete project materials on Effect Of Geometric Properties (Shape) On The Strength Of Interlocking Paving Stone from chapter one to five with references

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certificate

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Plates

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1   Introduction

1.2   Aims and Objective of the Project

1.3   Justification of the Study

1.4   Scope of the Project

1.5   Proposed Methodology

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0.  Literature Review

2.1  Preamble

2.2   Structure of Interlocking Paving Blacks

2.3   Various shapes of Interlocking Paving Blocks

2.4   Laying Patterns

2.5  Manufacturing of Interlocking Paving Blocks

2.6   Materials Involved

2.6.1 Granite (Stone Dust)

2.6.2 Cement

2.6.3 Interlocking Stone Treatment after Production

2.6.4 Water

CHAPTER THREE

Procurement of the material components

Equipment used in interlocking paving stone

production

Mix Ratio

Determination of the Quantities of Materials

Sieve Analysis of the Material

Experimental Tests

3.6.1 Compressive strength test

3.6.2 Flexural Strength Test

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.  Analysis of Result and Discussion

4.1.  Material Tests Performed on the Materials and

Samples

4.2.  Material Tests

4.3.  Determination of Quantity of Materials

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0.   Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

Recommendation

References

ABSTRACT

Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface.

This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water.

The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 Star, Double T, Land Roman, Bubble Glover and Didalo tiles respectively. The mix ratio of each stone was also investigated as well as the rate of crushing of the paving stone were noted.   

So, from the observation made from this project the average strength of the interlocking paving stone was found to be 5.7gN/mm² and the highest strength received was found to be that of Bubble glover with a maximum strength of (6.39 N/mm²). While that of Double T (5.59N/mm²), 3 Star (5.39N/mm²), Land Roman (5.30N/mm²) and Digalo (5.19N/mm²)     

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Researchers have work on various materials for paving and method of pavement construction that will provide adequate support for traffic load with minimum construction cost and maintenance. The concept of interlocking stone pavers dated back over 200years ago to the Roman empire where over 800,000km of roads were built using interlocking paving blocks.

The roman developed a simple system for building roads some of the roads are still in use today. The roads were constructed with a well compacted base of lime and gravel covered with a tight fitting cut stone which produced an excellent and economical roadway that remained virtually maintenance free in all types of weather (Wilford, 1994).

The elements are laid directly on a bedding sand layer with edge restraints to allow block layer to develop limited load spreading capacity to keep bond together at great mass and strength (Wilford, 1994). Investigation has not been intensified on the use of paving stone for pavement unlike surface dressed concrete pavement structures. The potential of different types of paving stone for pavement structure used as car park or foot paths.

In developing countries paving stone are used for the construction of paved area on a large scale. The material use in paving stone are of different variety of colours and shapes which are most likely have effect on the strength of the stone, they create unique and creative pattens while providing a surface that is durable and functional (Akinyemi, et al, 1992).

It is observed that various shapes of these paving stone are produced and widely used in our locality. These include: roman, zenith, double T, 3 star etc. And the laying pattern include, stretcher, running, digalo, bubble glover, diagonal, Herringbone and parquet bond but in lieu of this, different materials and mix ratio are used in order to determine various strength  and durability of the paving material. (Shackel, 1990).

Some use dust from quarry with sharp sand and granite of specified size while others prefer using stone dust with granite only but the most commonly used are dust from quarry only. During laying some prefer placing the elements over a graded sand base and interlocked with bedding and joint sand. The jointing sand allows the pavers to interlock and structurally function as one durable layer while others use dust (Sambawa, 2010).

All those variations in materials and production account for variations in properties, quality and strength and it is therefore necessary to carry out a research work to know whether the shapes of the stone has any effect on the strength.

Aim and Objectives of the Project

The aims of this project is to determine the followings:

1. To determine the strength of the stone
2. To know whether the shapes of the stone has any effect on the strength
3. To educate student on what they can lay their hand on after graduation.

Justification of the Study

Due to the versatile indestructible nature of paving stone or tiles, they have been used for about every conceivable application such as residential and commercial garage floor etc. There is need for indepth study of this interlocking paving stone as to why the sudden crack or breakdown of the stone pavers.

Scope of the Project

The scope of this study include, the following:

• The use of cement, quarry sand, sharp sand and water for the production of the interlocking paving stone.
• The mix ratio used in this project is ratio 1:4 to produce a certain no of interlocking stone of various shapes these are Roman, 3 star, double T, Bubble Glover and Didalo tiles were used as an example in the project
• Also the various laboratory test carried out in this project are compressive strength test, flexural strength, particle size distribution or sieve analysis.

Proposed Methodology

To achieve the above aim and objectives of this research work, the following steps were taken:

1. Procurement of materials
2. Preparation of mould
3. Laboratory tests on the materials
4. Production of the interlocking paving stone
5. Curing of the stones
6. Determination of the strengths
7. Analysis of the results

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